Lean Manufacturing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lean Manufacturing - Research Paper Example Generally, Lean helps in preserving values with a reduced amount of work. The Lean manufacturing company was firstly derived from Toyota Production Company (TPC), and in 1990s, it was then identified as Lean Manufacturing Company. In general, this paper will therefore analyze or explain how lean Manufacturing Company has improved the efficacy in its area of allocation. The TPS for several years have been known for its focus regarding the reduction of the original Toyota wastes so as to improve the overall values for the customers. However, the perspective on this can be achieved has become the biggest questions to think about. Toyota started as a small company but today it has steadily grown and serves more than one million people across the world as well as focusing its attention on achieving on their set goals and objectives. The Lean manufacturing variations on efficiency, opportunity cost, along with the logic of the lean production at Boeing is majorly based on the optimization flow. This has become a day-to-day activity where most people are focusing on how to increase on the efficiency while decreasing the waste, as well as using different empirical methods when deciding on the matters, instead of uncritically accepting the ideas that pre-existed many years ago. The research done recently showed that, the Lean manufacturing company is a version of the earlier efficacy efforts dealing with issues such as building and learning from their own mistakes. Literature Review There are two major models that the Lean manufacturing Company uses to achieve its competitive analysis from other companies. One of the models is by the use of Just In Time (JIT) as well as the Lean Manufacturing models. These two models have been used for several years in manufacturing companies and have been recognized as being the best models that most companies should acquire. Today in the global economy, there are various manufacturing companies for the global economy that occur in Wes tern Europe as well as North America. And in all cases, their basic concept of involving in manufacturing is mainly to improve the production efficacy by improving the production output while decreasing the required workforce. Conversely, in the service sector, their concept basic is to make sure that the efficacy and efficiency of services are improved by recruiting new workers who will be reliable in improving the value of company services. Presently, most companies are using the JIT manufacturing model to achieve their competitive advantage from other competitors. For instance, In Japan, has used the model for several years and this has made them to achieve a massive success for several decades of years. In JIT approach model, managers should commit themselves continuously to allow them pursuit an excellence in all phases such as manufacturing design as well as operation. Using JIT in manufacturing is significant in that, the companies are able to produce a certain products that have a high quality as well as quantity at an exact time when they are mostly required by the customers. JIT helps in emphasizing the processes while not at end of the products. It is evident that lean manufacturing is useful to managers when it comes to the success on service sectors. There are various transformations made by the principles of Lean manufacturing in terms of the different environments and one such environment is the public sector as well as the service industry. There are a number of organizations which have taken in the lean model such as higher education, call centers, healthcare as well as professional services. When it comes to lean’

History of Gothic Literature

History of Gothic Literature Composers representations of the Gothic genre havent significantly changed as Gothic characteristics can still be observed in modern texts and films, however, the depiction of these themes have evolved appropriately over time, just as the worldly morals, values and ethical standards have evolved. The social links to the emergence of the Gothic genre, how social and moral standards were being defined and the portrayal of themes that have altered due to changes in attitudes towards the characteristics that define Gothic literature are some aspects of the Gothic texts that can be observed.[G1][G2][G3] The emergence of the Gothic genre was a rejection of the oppressive state and artificiality of the Enlightenment (1685-1815). Edgar Allan Poes text, The Haunted Palace (1839), textually mirrors the effect that the Enlightenment had on the European and Western society. Once a fair and stately palace. But evil things, in robes of sorrows, Assailed ÂÂ   , implies, using visual imagery and personifying robes of sorrows, that the beautiful palace, once filled with joyful spirits, is now home to a hideous throng that laughs without smiling, changing the serene atmosphere into[G4] uncomfortable eeriness. The texts link to the Enlightenment as it was a[G5] core contribution to societys reformation to a constitutional and structured civilisation, governed by scientific thinking and reasoning. However, ethical standards were suffocating, resulting in the establishment of a counter-reformation, the Gothic era. The representation of the Gothic genre is observed through composers relaxed app ropriation of[G6] traditional Gothic characteristics and setting them into modern contexts. Tim Burtons Gothic film, Batman (1989), depicts the social situations of the time, specifically the fear caused by AIDS and juxtaposed hope caused by the fall of the Berlin wall. Its not who I am underneath, but what I do that defines me, textually foreshadows the actions of Batman, however, it also depicts the figurative walls built due to the stigma surrounding AIDS sufferers and the literal wall of Berlin being torn down due to gained liberation for Germany. Society in the 1980s was greatly influenced by the fear of AIDS and the suffocating stigma surrounding it, causing sufferers to be isolated from their community, much like Batman, as the disease itself didnt discriminate, only the people who discriminated against it. However, it was not until 1989, when the fall of the Berlin wall, a symbol of segregation and discrimination since 1961, was torn down. This, like the emergence of the Got hic era, signified the hope for a future where society wouldnt be controlled by misconceptions and stereotypes, consequently isolating individuals from the world around them. Due to the secularism of the Enlightenment, the Gothic movement set about to revive religious and supernatural beliefs. Although Edgar Allan Poe mightnt have been incredibly pious, shown in his texts that are often written from an aesthetic worldview, it can be identified in his works, personal values set upon just morals and righteous ethics. In Poes text, The Raven (1845), Poe enquiries after the existence of a supernatural power,[G7] is there balm in Gilead? , in which the Raven, who symbolises Poes mentality and the impending doom, replies with Nevermore. The refusal to a heavenly cure Poe was seeking, caused the mood of the text to change to that of utter despair as he abandons hope that he may see his Lenore again. During the Enlightenment, the social instability, much like Poes fall into insanity, led to political schisms, religious wars, heresy trials and witch burnings, meaning that the underlying tone of the Enlightenment was really that of chaos and lack of stability and ethics. In contrast, society has converted back to national secularism, separating religion from the state and beliefs from believers. In Burtons film, Dark Shadows (2012), the portrayal of religion is not explicitly mentioned in the film, however, the existence of the supernatural is explored.[G8] You must have faithfor if a man can become a monster, then a monster can become a man, is an allegory of presupposed evil that is not always just found in the actions of monsters, but in the hearts of man. However, if Poe has turned his back on God, and Burton has turned his back on men, what is left for the world to believe in? Secularism, thats what[G9][G10]. The portrayal of the Gothic theme of insanity has changed over time due to the change of attitude. In Poes text, The Tell-Tale Heart (1843), the narrator portrays the recurring Gothic motif of deterioration of ones sanity. such a sound as a watch makes when enveloped in cotton but the noise steadily increased, uses auditory imagery to depict the mental decline of the narrator after committing murder. The perception of insanity and madness was viewed negatively, disconnecting the mental illness from its human counterpart, dehumanising those suffering from mental illnesses and to be ostracised from society, often deemed lunatics. The representation of Gothic themes was changed to depict it into a more humorous portrayal of the dark genre. Burtons film, Batman (1989), depicts characters encased in their own insanity. I am the worlds first fully-functioning homicidal artist, juxtaposes the creativity of an artist and destruction of a murderer to create the dysfunctional[G11][G12] charact er, the Joker. Burton has used this as a means of humour but still portraying the seriousness of mental illnesses that causes an unbalanced psychological state as it reflects Jokers fears of the reality of living between a man and monster. In comparing the two texts, it is evident that the theme insanity has remained relatively constant, disregarding the humour intended in many modern Gothic texts. The Gothic genre was a literary outlet to reject the oppressive state of a society governed by the scientific reasoning and ethics of the Enlightenment.[G13] Poe and Burton both textually represented the state of their society, rejecting social standards by creating fictional worlds drawing a fine line between reality and fiction.

Pollution in History Essay -- Essays Papers

Pollution in History Since the beginning of human existence, pollution has been a problem rapidly increasing with the growth of the world’s population. Throughout history, it has been a major source of diseases and plagues such as the bubonic plague. Many steps have been taken to help solve the pollution problem, a problem that still hasn’t been completely solved. One of the earliest forms of pollution was a result of defecation. Bacteria from the human feces would pollute water supplies causing illness for prehistoric man. Other forms of pollution evolved as man evolved from hunter to farmer. Poor drainage on irrigated farmlands would raise the water level, polluting the fields with salts leaving the land unusable. Salinity is still "one of the most significant and certainly the most widespread forms of groundwater pollution". 1 With the birth of each pig, waste removal in medieval Europe increased. Pigs would eat the garbage thrown in the streets by the citizens, and what the pigs didn’t eat, the rain would wash away. Of course, this left the town smelling horrendous and the waste washed into the local water supply by the rain, contaminating the drinking water. Unfortunately, the garbage littering the ground created an ideal home for rats, which aided in their population growth. Fleas carrying bacteria spread disease to rats. Famine had struck Europe at this time setting up the perfect conditions for the spread of the bubonic plague. The unchecked plague is estimated to have killed one third of Europe’s population in two and a half years.2 The industrial revolution spawned a large increase in the population of cities. People emigrated from their country farms because of the promise of jobs in the cities. Howe... ...almost certain that the world will ever be without pollution. All that can be done is to minimize the amount of pollution in the world and try to keep it from getting out of control. However, with massive consumerism and population growth, this definitely no easy task. Notes: 1 Markham, Adam; A Brief History of Pollution. New York: St. Martins Press. 1994. 2 Markham 6. 3 Jenner, Mark; "Underground, Overground." Journal of Urban History Nov. 1997. 4 Markham, 24. 5 Markham, 21. 6 Bryson, Chris; "The Donora Fluoride Fog." Earth Island Journal Fall 1998. 7 Jenner, 2. 8 Markham, 61 Works Cited - Bryson, Chris; "The Donora Fluoride Fog." Earth Island Journal Fall 1998. - Jenner, Mark; "Underground, Overground." Journal of Urban History Nov. 1997. - Markham, Adam; A Brief History of Pollution. New York: St. Martins Press. 1994. Pollution in History Essay -- Essays Papers Pollution in History Since the beginning of human existence, pollution has been a problem rapidly increasing with the growth of the world’s population. Throughout history, it has been a major source of diseases and plagues such as the bubonic plague. Many steps have been taken to help solve the pollution problem, a problem that still hasn’t been completely solved. One of the earliest forms of pollution was a result of defecation. Bacteria from the human feces would pollute water supplies causing illness for prehistoric man. Other forms of pollution evolved as man evolved from hunter to farmer. Poor drainage on irrigated farmlands would raise the water level, polluting the fields with salts leaving the land unusable. Salinity is still "one of the most significant and certainly the most widespread forms of groundwater pollution". 1 With the birth of each pig, waste removal in medieval Europe increased. Pigs would eat the garbage thrown in the streets by the citizens, and what the pigs didn’t eat, the rain would wash away. Of course, this left the town smelling horrendous and the waste washed into the local water supply by the rain, contaminating the drinking water. Unfortunately, the garbage littering the ground created an ideal home for rats, which aided in their population growth. Fleas carrying bacteria spread disease to rats. Famine had struck Europe at this time setting up the perfect conditions for the spread of the bubonic plague. The unchecked plague is estimated to have killed one third of Europe’s population in two and a half years.2 The industrial revolution spawned a large increase in the population of cities. People emigrated from their country farms because of the promise of jobs in the cities. Howe... ...almost certain that the world will ever be without pollution. All that can be done is to minimize the amount of pollution in the world and try to keep it from getting out of control. However, with massive consumerism and population growth, this definitely no easy task. Notes: 1 Markham, Adam; A Brief History of Pollution. New York: St. Martins Press. 1994. 2 Markham 6. 3 Jenner, Mark; "Underground, Overground." Journal of Urban History Nov. 1997. 4 Markham, 24. 5 Markham, 21. 6 Bryson, Chris; "The Donora Fluoride Fog." Earth Island Journal Fall 1998. 7 Jenner, 2. 8 Markham, 61 Works Cited - Bryson, Chris; "The Donora Fluoride Fog." Earth Island Journal Fall 1998. - Jenner, Mark; "Underground, Overground." Journal of Urban History Nov. 1997. - Markham, Adam; A Brief History of Pollution. New York: St. Martins Press. 1994.

Awarness and Attitude of Primary Teachers Towards Child Rights Education Essay

The Convention on the Rights of the Child defines basic rights of children covering multiple needs and issues. India endorsed it on December 11, 1992. Following are a few rights in the immediate purview of Smile Foundation as well as India. The right to Education: 50% of Indian children aged 6-18 do not go to school Dropout rates increase alarmingly in class III to V, its 50% for boys, 58% for girls. The right to Expression: Every child has a right to express himself freely in which ever way he likes. Majority of children however are exploited by their elders and not allowed to express. The right to Information: Every child has a right to know his basic rights and his position in the society. High incidence of illiteracy and ignorance among the deprived and underprivileged children prevents them from having access to information about them and their society. The right to Nutrition: More than 50% of India’s children are malnourished. While one in every five adolescent boys is malnourished, one in every two girls in India is undernourished. The right to Health & Care: 58% of India’s children below the age of 2 years are not fully vaccinated. And 24% of these children do not receive any form of vaccination. Over 60% of children in India are anemic. 95 in every 1000 children born in India, do not see their fifth birthday. 70 in every 1000 children born in India, do not see their first birthday. The right to protection from Abuse: There are approximately 2 million child commercial sex workers between the age of 5 and 15 years and about 3. 3 million between 15 and 18 years. They form 40% of the total population of commercial sex workers in India. 500,000 children are forced into this trade every year. The right to protection from Exploitation: 17 million children in India work as per official estimates. A study found that children were sent to work by compulsion and not by choice, mostly by parents, but with recruiter playing a crucial role in influencing decision. When working outside the family, children put in an average of 21 hours of labour per week. Poor and bonded families often â€Å"sell† their children to contractors who promise lucrative jobs in the cities and the children end up being employed in brothels, hotels and domestic work. Many run away and find a life on the streets. The right to protection from Neglect: Every child has a right to lead a well protected and secure life away from neglect. However, children working under exploitative and inhuman conditions get neglected badly. The right to Development: Every child has the right to development that lets the child explore her/his full potential. Unfavourable living conditions of underprivileged children prevents them from growing in a free and uninhibited way. The right to Recreation: Every child has a right to spend some time on recreational pursuits like sports, entertainment and hobbies to explore and develop. Majority of poor children in India do not get time to spend on recreational activities. The right to Name & Nationality: Every child has a right to identify himself with a nation. A vast majority of underprivileged children in India are treated like commodities and exported to other countries as labour or prostitutes. The right to Survival: Of the 12 million girls born in India, 3 million do not see their fifteenth birthday, and a million of them are unable to survive even their first birthday. Every sixth girl child’s death is due to gender discrimination. Child Rights in India: An Introduction India is a party to the UN  declaration on the Rights of the Child 1959. Accordingly, it adopted a National Policy on Children in 1974. The policy reaffirmed the constitutional provisions for adequate services to children, both before and after birth and through the period of growth to ensure their full physical, mental and social development. Accordingly, the government is taking action to review the national and state legislation and bring it in line with the provisions of the Convention. It has also developed appropriate monitoring procedures to assess progress in implementing the Convention-involving various stake holders in the society. India is also a signatory to the World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children. In pursuance of the commitment made at the World Summit, the Department of Women and Child Development under the Ministry of Human Resource Development has formulated a National Plan of Action for Children. Most of the recommendations of the World Summit Action Plan are reflected in India’s National Plan of Action- keeping in mind the needs, rights and aspirations of 300 million children in the country. The priority areas in the Plan are health, nutrition, education, water, sanitation and environment. The Plan gives special consideration to children in difficult circumstances and aims at providing a framework, for actualization of the objectives of the Convention in the Indian context. Status of Children in India. Recent UNICEF (2005) report on the state of the world’s children under the title â€Å"Childhood Under Threat† , speaking about India, states that millions of Indian children are equally deprived of their rights to survival, health, nutrition, education and safe drinking water. It is reported that 63 per cent of them go to bed hungry and 53 per cent suffer from chronic malnutrition. The report says that 147 million children live in kuchcha houses, 77 million do not use drinking water from a tap, 85 million are not being immunized, 27 million are severely underweight and 33 million have never been to school. It estimates that 72 million children in India between five and 14 years do not have access to basic education. A girl child is the worst victim as she is often neglected and is discriminated against because of the preference for a boy child. National Commission for Protection of Child Rights In order to ensure child rights practices and in response to India’s commitment to UN declaration to this effect, the government of India set up a National Commission for Protection of Child Rights. The Commission is a statutory body notified under an Act of the Parliament on December 29, 2006. Besides the chairperson, it will have six members from the fields of child health, education, childcare and development, juvenile justice, children with disabilities, elimination of child labour, child psychology or sociology and laws relating to children. The Commission has the power to inquire into complaints and take suo motu notice of matters relating to deprivation of child’s rights and non-implementation of laws providing for protection and development of children among other things. Aimed at examining and reviewing the safeguards provided by the law to protect child rights, the Commission will recommend measures for their effective implementation. It will suggest amendments, if needed, and look into complaints or take suo motu notice of cases of violation of the constitutional and legal rights of children. The Commission is to ensure proper enforcement of child rights and effective implementation of laws and programmes relating to children- enquiring into complaints and take suo motu  cognizance of matters relating to deprivation of child rights; non-implementation of laws providing for protection and development of children and non-compliance of policy decisions, guidelines or instructions aimed at their welfare and announcing relief for children and issuing remedial measures to the state governments. Convention on the Rights of the Child Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989 Right to education From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search. The right to education is a universal entitlement to education, a right that is recognized as a human right. According to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights the right to education includes the right to free, compulsory primary education for all[1], an obligation to develop secondary education accessible to all, in particular by the progressive introduction of free secondary education[2], as well as an obligation to develop equitable access to higher education, ideally by the progressive introduction of free higher education. [3] The right to education also includes a responsibility to provide basic education for individuals who have not completed primary education. In addition to these access to education provisions, the right to education encompasses the obligation to rule out discrimination at all levels of the educational system, to set minimum standards and to improve quality of education. [4] International legal basis The right to education is law in Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Articles 200 and 14 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. [5][6][7] The right to education has been reaffirmed in the 1960 UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education and the 1981 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. [8] In Europe, Article 2 of the first Protocol of 20 March 1952 to the European Convention on Human Rights states that the right to education is recognized as a human right and is understood to establish an entitlement to education. According to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the right to education includes the right to free, compulsory primary education for all, an obligation to develop secondary education accessible to all in particular by the progressive introduction of free secondary education, as well as an obligation to develop equitable access to higher education in particular by the progressive introduction of free higher education. The right to education also includes a responsibility to provide basic education for individuals who have not completed primary education. In addition to these access to education provisions, the right to education encompasses also the obligation to eliminate discrimination at all levels of the educational system, to set minimum standards and to improve quality. The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg has applied this norm for example in the Belgian linguistic case. [9] Article 10 of the European Social Charter guarantees the right to vocational education. [10] Definition Education narrowly refers to formal institutional instructions. Generally, international instruments use the term in this sense and the right to education, as protected by international human rights instruments, refers primarily to education in a narrow sense. The 1960 UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education defines education in Article 1(2) as: â€Å"all types and levels of education, (including) access to education, the standard and quality of education, and the conditions under which it is given. â€Å"[11] In a wider sense education may describe â€Å"all activities by which a human group transmits to its descendants a body of knowledge and skills and a moral code which enable the group to subsist†. [11] In this sense education refers to the transmission to a subsequent generation of those skills needed to perform tasks of daily living, and further passing on the social, cultural, spiritual and philosophical values of the particular community. The wider meaning of education has been recognised in Article 1(a) of UNESCO’s 1974 Recommendation concerning Education for International Understanding, Co-operation and Peace and Education relating to Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. [12] The article states that education implies: â€Å"the entire process of social life by means of which individuals and social groups learn to develop consciously within, and for the benefit of, the national and international communities, the whole of their personal capabilities, attitudes, aptitudes and knowledge. â€Å"[11] The European Court of Human Rights has defined education in a narrow sense as â€Å"teaching or instructions†¦ in particular to the transmission of knowledge and to intellectual development† and in a wider sense as â€Å"the whole process whereby, in any society, adults endeavour to transmit their beliefs, culture and other values to the young. â€Å"[11] Assessment of fulfilment The fulfilment of the right to education can be assessed using the 4 As framework, which asserts that for education to be a meaningful right it must be available, accessible, acceptable and adaptable. The 4 As framework was developed by the former UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education, Katarina Tomasevski, but is not necessarily the standard used in every international human rights instrument and hence not a generic guide to how the right to education is treated under national law. [13] The 4 As framework proposes that governments, as the prime duty-bearer, has to respect, protect and fulfil the right to education by making education available, accessible, acceptable and adaptable. The framework also places duties on other stakeholders in the education process: the child, which as the privileged subject of the right to education has the duty to comply with compulsory education requirements, the parents as the ‘first educators’, and professional educators, namely teachers. [13] The 4 As have been further elaborated as follows:[14] * Availability – funded by governments, education is universal, free and compulsory. There should be proper infrastructure and facilities in place with adequate books and materials for students. Buildings should meet both safety and sanitation standards, such as having clean drinking water. Active recruitment, proper training and appropriate retention methods should ensure that enough qualified staff is available at each school. [15] * Accessibility – all children should have equal access to school services regardless of gender, race, religion, ethnicity or socio-economic status. Efforts should be made to ensure the inclusion of marginalized groups including children of refugees, the homeless or those with disabilities. There should be no forms of segregation or denial of access to any students. This includes ensuring that proper laws are in place against any child labour or exploitation to prevent children from obtaining primary or secondary education. Schools must be within a reasonable distance for children within the community, otherwise transportation should be provided to students, particularly those that might live in rural areas, to ensure ways to school are safe and convenient. Education should be affordable to all, with textbooks, supplies and uniforms provided to students at no additional costs. [16] * Acceptability – the quality of education provided should be free of discrimination, relevant and culturally appropriate for all students. Students should not be expected to conform to any specific religious or ideological views. Methods of teaching should be objective and unbiased and material available should reflect a wide array of ideas and beliefs. Health and safety should be emphasized within schools including the elimination of any forms of corporal punishment. Professionalism of staff and teachers should be maintained. [17] * Adaptability – educational programs should be flexible and able to adjust according to societal changes and the needs of the community. Observance of religious or cultural holidays should be respected by schools in order to accommodate students, along with providing adequate care to those students with disabilities. [18] A number of international NGOs and charities work to realise the right to education using a rights-based approach to development. [citation needed] Historical development. In Europe, before the Enlightenment of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, education was the responsibility of parents and the church. With the French and American Revolution education was established also as a public function. It was thought that the state, by assuming a more active role in the sphere of education, could help to make education available and accessible to all. Education had thus far been primarily available to the upper social classes and public education was perceived as a means of realising the egalitarian ideals underlining both revolutions. [19] However, neither the American Declaration of Independence (1776) nor the French Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789) protected the right to education as the liberal concepts of human rights in the nineteenth century envisaged that parents retained the primary duty for providing education to their children. It was the states obligation to ensure that parents complied with this duty, and many states enacted legislation making school attendance compulsory. Furthermore child labour laws were enacted to limit the number of hours per day children could be employed, to ensure children would attend school. States also became involved in the legal regulation of curricula and established minimum educational standards. [20] In On Liberty John Stuart Mill wrote that an â€Å"education established and controlled by the State should only exist, if it exists at all, as one among many competing experiments, carried on for the purpose of example and stimulus to keep the others up to a certain standard of excellence. † Liberal thinkers of the nineteenth century pointed to the dangers to too much state involvement in the sphere of education, but relied on state intervention to reduce the dominance of the church, and to protect the right to education of children against their own parents. In the latter half of the nineteenth century, educational rights were included in domestic bills of rights. [21] The 1849 Paulskirchenverfassung, the constitution of the German Empire, strongly influenced subsequent European constitutions and devoted Article 152 to 158 of its bill of rights to education. The constitution recognised education as a function of the state, independent of the church. Remarkable at the time, the constitution proclaimed the right to free education for the poor, but the constitution did not explicitly require the state to set up educational institutions. Instead the constitution protected the rights of citizens to found and operate schools and to provide home education. The constitution also provided for freedom of science and teaching, and it guaranteed the right of everybody to choose a vocation and train for it. [22] The nineteenth century also saw the development of socialist theory, which held that the primary task of the state was to ensure the economic and social well-being of the community through government intervention and regulation. Socialist theory recognised that individuals had claims to basic welfare services against the state and education was viewed as one of these welfare entitlements. This was in contrast to liberal theory at the time, which regarded non-state actors as the prime providers of education. Socialist ideals were enshrined in the 1936 Soviet Constitution, which was the first constitution to recognise the right to education with a corresponding obligation of the state to provide such education. The constitution guaranteed free and compulsory education at all levels, a system of state scholarships and vocational training in state enterprises. Subsequently the right to education featured strongly in the constitutions of socialist states. [23] As a political goal, right to education was declared in F. D. Roosevelt’s 1944 speech on the Second Bill of Rights. Implementation. International law does not protect the right to pre-primary education and international documents generally omit references to education at this level. [24] The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that everyone has the right to education, hence the right applies to all individuals, although children are understood as the main beneficiaries. [25] The rights to education are separated into three levels: * Primary (Elemental or Fundamental) Education. This shall be compulsory and free for any child regardless of their nationality, gender, place of birth, or any other discrimination. Upon ratifying the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights States must provide free primary education within two years. * Secondary (or Elementary, Technical and Professional in the UDHR) Education must be generally available and accessible. * Higher Education (at the University Level) should be provided according to capacity. That is, anyone who meets the necessary education standards should be able to go to university. Both secondary and higher education shall be made accessible â€Å"by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education†. [26] Compulsory education The realisation of the right to education on a national level may be achieved through compulsory education, or more specifically free compulsory primary education, as stated in both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. [27][28] Action For Children (AFC) Action for Children (AFC) conceptualised by Wild Ganzen and supported by Net4Kids and Kids Rights aims at involving privileged citizens, civil society groups and various institutions including corporates in the development process. This programme supported by the Dutch Government promoted consortium (Wild Ganzen, Net4Kids and Kids Rights) has given a boost to the initiative. The programme is being implemented in three developing economies of the world namely Brazil, South Africa and India. Smile Foundation joined hands with the Consortium in April 2008 and since then has been executing the programme in India. The objective is to stimulate more fortunate mass to be a part of the development process and ensure sustainability of grassroots initiatives across India. Through AFC, Smile Foundation encourages people to ‘stand up and act’ to bring a change in the lives of underprivileged children and youth. Action For Children is based on the concept that development is a people’s issue and not just the government’s concern. With this premise, the Foundation has been striving to build a civil society that owes responsibility for societal development and participate whole-heartedly in transforming the lives of underprivileged children. Through AFC, Smile Foundation encourages individuals, civil society groups, corporate houses, professional associations, schools, colleges, youth wings to participate in the development process. The Action for Children programme sensitizes and involves the fortunate mass through: 1. Local Actions Local Action connotes organizing an event to raise funds for a child centric project. It can be organised by individuals, groups and institutions in their region. Local action aims at sensitization and consequent involvement of the privileged mass in raising funds for children through various activities 2. KidsXL KidsXL is a school exchange programme wherein children of privileged school and underprivileged school are brought together under one platform. Several interactive sessions and special activities are organized for the children. KidsXL aims at bringing the children from both the segments closer, thereby reducing social disparities. In the process, the children also learn to be sensitive and responsible towards the society 3. Media Advocacy The aim is to involve media in creating awareness among the people and advocating the cause before a wide audience. The Foundation sensitizes people through documentaries, Public Service Advertisements, news features, advocacy campaigns, rallies etc. 4. Corporate Social Responsibility CSR aims at sensitising and involving corporates in the development process. It gives the corporates an opportunity to give back to the society. It is based on a partnership model wherein corporates partner with Smile Foundation either to support the whole or a part of capital cost or running cost of a child centric project. The inherent objective of the programme is to ensure that the development activities become locally sustainable. For further information contact at afc. north@smilefoundationindia. org    Journal 1. Discipline for Life: Getting It Right with Children. (ED458959) Share Author(s):| Swift, Madelyn| Source:| N/A| | Pub Date:| 1999-00-00| Pub Type(s):| Books; Opinion Papers| Peer Reviewed:| | | Descriptors: Anger;  Child Rearing;  Children;  Cooperation;  Discipline;  Expectation;  Parent Child Relationship;  Parents;  Parents as Teachers;  Praise;  Problem Solving;  Self Esteem;  Teachers;  Timeout Abstract: Based on the view that how parents discipline their children in the early years plays a significant role in determining their child’s future behavior and relationships, this book offers advice for helping parents teach their children to accept responsibility for their own behavior, to form healthy relationships, develop sound and helpful communication, acquire correct principles to guide their lives, use problem solving, discover resourcefulness and negotiating skills, and deal with anger. Although addressed primarily to parents, the book is also directed to teachers and early childhood educators. The book is presented in six sections: (1) â€Å"The Journey Begins,† introducing the fundamental principles of discipline; (2) â€Å"Vision,† presenting a vision of parenting, including information on the current status of America’s children and suggestions for deciding what parents want to teach their children and how they can decide what lesson needs to be learned; (3) â€Å"Gaining Cooperation without Losing Your Mind!,† identifying barriers to cooperation and suggesting ways to use respectful language and teach children respect as a second language; (4) â€Å"Don’t Start What You Can’t Finish,† presenting tips on using various discipline strategies and the consequences of those strategies, problem-solving strategies, and dealing with temper tantrums; (5) â€Å"Building Self-Esteem,† discussing the importance of self-esteem, and presenting ways to help children develop important life beliefs paralleling the components of self-esteem (existence, accomplishment, and mistakes); and (6)†The Journey Continues,† reinforcing the view of parenting as a challenging process for everyone. (Contains 37 references. ) (KB) Journal 2. Knowledge, practice and attitude toward epilepsy among primary and secondary school teachers in South Gezira locality, Gezira State, Sudan Haydar E. Babikar and Islam M. Abbas1 Author information > Copyright and License information > Go to: Abstract Objective: The attitudes toward school pupils with epilepsy are influenced by the degree of school teachers’ knowledge of the disorder. Teachers usually do not receive any formal instructions on epilepsy during their training. This study aims to assess school teachers’ knowledge, attitude and practice when dealing with epilepsy in school children. Materials and Methods: This study was part of a series mandated by the Gezira Epilepsy Care Programme (GECP), to obtain baseline data for a community-adapted epilepsy education program. A pretested, semi-structured, 35-items questionnaire was the investigational tool. It was used to evaluate the knowledge of the basic facts about epilepsy among school teachers in this cross-sectional study. The questionnaire allowed teachers to express their opinions by means of free answers. The schools were chosen at random but not in a systematic equiprobability design. Two hundred teachers from public primary (100) and secondary (100) schools in the rural area of south Gezira Locality, Gezira State, Central Sudan, were recruited. Results: In this study, the majority of respondents had never been informed about epilepsy and therefore gave evasive answers to many questions. Few of the respondents considered epilepsy as contagious. None of participants objected to having epileptic children in their classes. Only 47 teachers (47%) in the primary schools had any knowledge of the initial procedures to help a child in seizure, presenting reasonable answers, compared to 64 (64%) teachers in the secondary schools. Recommendations: All school teachers should be given some kind of training in health services. The GECP should involve teachers in its current training programs for caregivers and lay association to help epileptic patients. INTRODUCTION Epilepsy, one of the most common neurological disorders worldwide, with a prevalence rate of 2. 8-19. 5 per 1,000 of the general population, is more prevalent in early years of life. [1,2] It accounts for 1% of the global burden of disease and about 80% of this burden is in the developing world such as Sudan, where in some areas 80-90% of affected people receive no treatment at all. Epilepsy is currently recognized by many countries and concerned associations as a public health problem. Persons with epilepsy are at the risk of developing a variety of psychological problems including depression, anxiety and psychosis. [3,4] Sociocultural attitudes continue to have a negative impact on the management of epilepsy in many African countries. [5] The disorder is associated with superstition, discrimination and stigma in many of the countries. [6] Still deeply rooted in these communities the idea that the cause of these frightening attacks is possession by evil spirits. Widespread ignorance, fear and misunderstanding has contributed negatively to the management of epilepsy. Thus, many children who have seizures of any kind are first seen and treated by religious or traditional healers. [7,8] Epileptic children suffer untold social deprivations and discrimination in education, which may be more devastating than the disease itself. [9] Children with epilepsy have the same range of intelligence and abilities as the rest of the population. [10] Most children with epilepsy can and should attend normal schools, their activities there limited only by certain factors. However, the attitudes toward school pupils with epilepsy are influenced by the degree of school teachers’ knowledge of the disorder. [2] Teachers usually do not have any formal instructions on epilepsy during their training, so they should be correctly informed about the disorder and encouraged to have a positive and optimistic attitude toward the condition. Other children may be quite helpful if they are aware that the seizure is benign. They should be motivated to offer help and pass on information on epileptic care to their family and friends. [11] To date, there is little research on public attitudes toward epileptics in the Sudan. In order to ensure the proper management of epilepsy, it is important to have a clear understanding of community attitudes toward the disease. The aim of this study is to ascertain the perceptions, attitudes and beliefs of school teachers both at primary and secondary levels, in central Sudan regarding the causes, manifestations and treatment options of epilepsy in school children. MATERIALS AND METHODS A pretested, semi-structured, 35-items questionnaire was the investigational tool. It involved questions mainly of the yes/no/do not know variety; however, it also allowed teachers to express their opinions by means of free answers. It was used to evaluate the knowledge of the basic facts about epilepsy among school teachers in this cross-sectional study. Two hundred teachers from 11 public primary (n=100) and 11 secondary (n=100) schools, in the rural area of south Gezira Locality, Gezira State, in central Sudan, were invited to participate in the study by answering the questionnaire. The 22 schools were chosen at random, but not in a systematic equiprobability design. The following criteria: Stay beside the seizing child to protect and turn the head to one side to permit the saliva flow; keep breathing normal, were considered correct first-aid procedures for attending the seizing child. Removal of the child’s shirt and nearby objects or taking him to hospital, were considered less important. Pulling the tongue out or putting a spoon into the mouth were considered harmful and useless procedures. To verify the statistical significance of the two groups of staff or between genders, Pearson ? 2 test was used. RESULTS This study was part of a series mandated by the Gezira Epilepsy Care Programme (GECP), to obtain baseline data for a community-adapted epilepsy education program. It was designed to assess primary and secondary public school teachers, knowledge, practice on epilepsy and their attitudes toward epileptic pupils in the school. Two hundred school teachers who were recruited, responded to the questionnaire. The data relating to teachers’ characteristics are presented in Table 1. Their mean age was 38. 5.

My Interpretation of Islamic Mysticism

Raised as a Christian, I were taught by my family to trust the conscience were Jesus would speak to me.   The intuition and the inner voice are other names used by people to describe the conscience.   All the same, the use of the conscience to guide oneself through life’s challenges as well as simple day to day affairs is based on the fact that Jesus were the Spirit of the Lord and the same Spirit resides in each one of us.   Bearing this in mind, none of us may truly go wrong.   Hence, I have never really believed in strict rules of the Lord to guide me to heaven.   Rather, I trust in the Spirit of the Lord or Jesus Christ who lives in me to guide me in all situations. Imam Birgivi’s mysticism, in addition to the religions of others, have never appealed to me for the reason that they teach strict rules to their followers.   Nevertheless, Birgivi’s chapter, â€Å"On Righteousness,† quotes many verses of the Qur’an which I appreciate just as much as I love the words of Jesus in the Gospels.   Divine words about the Garden are truly a message of hope for all people suffering from the stress of worldly existence.   Birgivi also writes extensively on fear of the Lord. Jesus Christ spoke of this fear as well, although the love of God must be balanced with fear in our emotional lives.   In other words, we cannot excessively fear and love the Lord at the same time.   Moreover, fear of the Lord is essential, especially for those who turn into murderers or terrorists.   Although I believe in freedom that the Spirit of the Lord entitles me to feel – I also believe that fear of the Lord should be an important part of our belief systems, seeing that this fear could keep people from destroying their own lives as well as the lives of others. Birgivi’s chapter, â€Å"On Identifying Evil,† once again leads me to turn to the Sprit of Jesus Christ within me.   Jesus knew when Satan tried to seduce him.   The Lord’s Prayer has taught me to request God to keep me away from temptations.   Jesus also taught his followers to struggle against the devil.   In particular, he taught the believers to shun the devil with their authority – the authority of the Spirit of the Lord.   Thus, I do not wish to fear the devil.   Birgivi writes that we must fear the influence of the devil’s suggestions.   But, I am not convinced by the idea of fearing the devil, seeing that Jesus Christ gave me power over the devil.   I would simply trust in warding off evil thoughts and keeping away from evildoing. Moreover, I would not like to focus on the kinds of doubts that Birgivi asks me to shun.   From everything that I have learned about Jesus Christ, I know that he had the clearest focus and clearest mind.   I would like to develop such a clear focus and mind, instead of thinking about the differences between good and evil suggestions.   I believe that these debates within the self would not allow me to live the life of freedom that the Spirit of the Lord has guided me to live.   Lastly, I am confident that my trust in the Lord should be strong enough to keep me away from evil as it is.   I do not need to learn about the difference between good and evil when the Spirit of the Lord within me is all good and without a trace of evil. References Birgivi, Imam. The Path of Muhammad: A Book on Islamic Morals and Ethics & The Last Will and Testament.